RIYADH: In the heart of Al-Jouf, around 50km from Sakaka, lies the ancient city of Dumat Al-Jandal—historically known as “Adumato.”
For thousands of years, civilizations and kingdoms have flourished here, leaving behind traces of their existence etched into walls and corners, telling a story of a rich and vibrant past.
The Transformation of a Landscape
“It was a rainy period with rivers and forests, then it turned into a savanna, then into a period of little rain, then the habitation moved to other nearby sites such as the site of Al-Jamal and the site of Al-Rajajil,” explained Hussain Al-Khalifah, a Saudi archaeologist with over 30 years of experience.
As the Arabian Peninsula gradually became a desert, humans sought fertile lands with water resources. Dumat Al-Jandal became a crucial hub along trade routes, linking regions and facilitating the exchange of goods.
A Key Trade and Protection Hub
A trade road was established to connect the southern Arabian Peninsula to various regions, with Dumat Al-Jandal emerging as a pivotal point for merchants.
“It was an important point at the beginning of the land trade,” Al-Khalifah told Arab News.
“Dumat Al-Jandal was strong and rich because of trade. The people were protectors of the trade that passed by the city and, therefore, they took some of the goods in exchange for protecting merchants.”
The Struggles for Control
Several powerful kingdoms and empires sought to control Dumat Al-Jandal, including the Assyrians, who made repeated attempts to capture the city. However, at the same time, the Arabian Qedarites emerged as a formidable force. Not only did they prevent the Assyrians from taking control, but they also expanded their influence as far as Palestine.
Eventually, the Assyrians did manage to capture Adumato, though the exact date remains unknown.
Legacy Through Assyrian Tablets
The Assyrians were known for documenting events on clay tablets, some of which can still be seen today in Dumat Al-Jandal. These tablets provide invaluable insights into the city’s history, its people, and its rulers. They mention Arab inhabitants, including a notable queen named Talkhunu, and a rebel leader named Yabu who revolted against Ayatea, a loyalist king of Dumat Al-Jandal.
The Assyrian king, a staunch advocate of justice, sent warriors to aid Ayatea, who captured Yabu and put him in chains.
Cultural and Commercial Significance
The tablets also reference a popular souk that took place every year on the first day of spring, highlighting the city’s long-standing tradition of trade and cultural gatherings.
A Timeless Heritage
Today, Dumat Al-Jandal remains a site of immense historical significance, offering a glimpse into the lives of ancient civilizations that once thrived in the Arabian Peninsula. With ongoing archaeological discoveries, the city continues to reveal fascinating stories, solidifying its status as one of Saudi Arabia’s most treasured historical landmarks.
Explore the timeless wonders of Dumat Al-Jandal and immerse yourself in its remarkable history—a testament to the resilience and cultural depth of the region.
